1.3_Carbon_AS90932

==1.3 AS 90932 Demonstrate understanding of aspects of carbon chemistry (4 credits) ==

__INTRODUCTION TO CARBON CHEMISTRY __
==NCEA PAST EXAM QUESTION: Draw the chemical structure or structural formula or displayed formula for the following organic molecules ==  ==== Draw the structural formula for every organic substance named in the table above, you may find it useful to print the questions on where there is space provided to draw the diagrams. ====  ====After completing the structural formulas to the best of your ability, look at the answers and correct the diagrams yourself. Print a table of questions on structural formula that have not yet appeared in the NCEA Exams, complete the table and mark it yourself using the answers provided. ==== 

NCEA PAST EXAM QUESTION: Name the following organic molecules


__PROPERTIES (solubility in water and trends in melting and boiling points) OF CARBON COMPOUNDS__

 * [[image:propertiesmethane.jpg width="263" height="262" link="@http://www.chemical.sg/bonding_ch4.html"]] || [[image:propertiesmethanemolecules.jpg width="297" height="200" link="@file:common gases.swf"]] || [[image:propertiesboiling.jpg width="273" height="236" link="@file:propertiesboiling.pdf"]] ||

NCEA PAST EXAM QUESTIONS on Properties (solubility and trends in melting and boiling points) of carbon compounds


• explain why this trend occurs.


Identify the type of bonding within a molecule of methanol. Give a reason for your choice.
==== Analyse the differences between ethane and ethanol by considering the similarities and differences of their chemical structures and their physical properties. In your answer include, for both ethane and ethanol: ====

Identify and explain the trend of boiling points for the alkanes shown in the graph above.
====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">In October 2011 a ship, the Rena, grounded on a reef near Tauranga Harbour, causing oil to be spilled into the ocean. It was observed that the oil formed a layer on top of the water, and that it lasted for a long time. Give an explanation for both observations by referring to the properties of oil. ==== <span style="color: #f95725; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• an explanation of the chemical and physical properties of BOTH compounds that allow identification with your tests.
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: center;">**__Melting and boiling points of alkanes__**

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">- fully explain why both the boiling points and melting points of the first eight alkanes tend to rise as the number of carbon atoms increases.
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">Describe the trend shown in the graph of the boiling points for the first six alkanes and explain why this trend occurs.
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<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Hexane and ethanol are two colourless liquids.
====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Compare the chemical and physical properties of these two compounds, and use this comparison to describe how to safely distinguish between these two liquids. ==== <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">

__<span style="color: #f95725; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">EFFECTS OF COMBUSTION PRODUCTS ON HUMAN HEALTH AND THE ENVIRONMENT __
==<span style="color: #f95725; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">NCEA PAST EXAM QUESTION: Write balanced equations for the complete __and__ incomplete complete combustion of the following molecules == <span style="color: #f95725; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">
 * = [[image:l1carbonbunsen.jpg width="267" height="207" link="@file:BunsenBurner.swf"]] ||= [[image:l1carbonmethane.jpg width="428" height="165" link="@file:methanecombust.swf"]] ||
 * = [[image:l1carboncombust1.jpg link="@http://www.wfu.edu/~ylwong/balanceeq/combust.html"]] ||= [[image:l1carbonequation.jpg width="390" height="299" link="@file:combustion equations.swf"]] ||

**<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ADDITIONAL NCEA QUESTIONS ON COMBUSTION **
<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

• write a word equation and a balanced symbol equation for the reaction occurring.
<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Methanol and methane are commonly used in fuels. Methanol burns with an almost colourless flame. Methane, if there is a limited supply of oxygen, burns with ====

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">• write ONE appropriate balanced symbol equation.
<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

Identify and evaluate ONE effect that a product of the complete combustion reaction for ethanol would have on the **environment**.
Identify and explain TWO negative effects on **human health** of the products of this combustion reaction. <span style="color: #f95725; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">**1)** Both butane and methanol can be used as fuels. A sample of butane burns in air with a yellow flame, while a sample of methanol burns in air with an almost invisible flame. Compare and contrast the combustion of these two fuels. ==== ====<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">**2)** Combustion of fuels can have negative effects on both human health and the environment. <span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Identify and explain TWO negative effects of the combustion of fuels on both human health and the environment. Your answer should include: ==== <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ====Propane and methanol are carbon compounds that are used as fuels. When propane is burning with an orange flame it produces soot. When methanol is burning with an almost invisible flame it produces no soot.====
 * 2)** Ethene burns with a smoky flame in a limited oxygen supply.
 * ====<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">ONE negative effect on human health, and ====
 * ====<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">ONE negative effect on the environment. ====

Discuss the effect on the environment of burning propane and methanol as described above. In your answer, you should:

 * ====explain how the combustion of propane and the combustion of methanol differ====
 * ====identify which combustion reaction has the greater negative effect on the environment and justify your answer====

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Discuss TWO impacts (positive or negative) that the products of the complete combustion of methanol would have on the environment.
<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> ====<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">Pentane and ethanol are two colourless organic liquids that can be used as fuels. Discuss the similarities and differences for the combustion of both fuels. Include in your answer: ==== <span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif'; font-size: 16px;"> ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Propane and ethanol are organic compounds used as fuel. Propane burns with an orange flame and some soot forms. Ethanol burns with an almost invisible flame with no soot forming. By considering the products of these reactions, predict and justify which fuel will have the larger impact on people. ====
 * ====<span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: 'Arial','sans-serif';">the observations made when each fuel is burned ====
 * ====<span style="color: #000000; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">the impact of combustion on the environment for each fuel. ====

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Include examples of how people would be affected.
====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">State TWO reasons why organic compounds such as butane are used as fuels. Explain the difference between complete and incomplete combustion of fuels. ==== ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">If insufficient oxygen is available in a car engine, incomplete combustion can occur. Describe incomplete combustion and discuss its impact on human health. ====

__<span style="color: #f95725; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> USES AND IMPORTANCE OF POLYMERS FROM ETHENE AND PROPENE __

 * [[image:level1carbonpolymer.jpg width="363" height="222" link="@file:polyethene.swf"]] || [[image:level1carbonpolymer2.jpg width="490" height="117" link="@http://www.absorblearning.com/media/attachment.action?quick=zm&att=2553"]] ||

<span style="color: #f95725; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">NCEA PAST EXAM QUESTION: Outline fully the chemical reaction for form the following polymers
<span style="color: #f95725; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

• explain how polyethene can be made from Product 2.
<span style="color: #000000; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 16px;">Explain how the structure of ethene allows it <span style="color: #221e1f; font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif; font-size: 15.3333px;"> to form polyethene ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">1) Polymers are very large molecules made up of many small repeating units. Explain why an alkene such as ethene can be used to make polymers, while an alkane such as ethane cannot. You may draw diagrams as part of your explanation. ==== ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">2) Polymers are used in the production of plastics. Plastic pollution is becoming a planet-wide problem, with much of the waste plastic ending up in our oceans. Polyethene (polythene) and polypropene (polypropylene) both float on the ocean’s surface, forming part of the large floating islands of plastic waste that form where ocean currents meet. ====

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Link each use to TWO physical and / or chemical properties of polypropene.
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

Polyethene is available in both a low density (LDPE) and high density (HDPE) form. Some properties of LDPE and HDPE are given in the table below.
====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Explain why LDPE is used to make plastic food wrap and HDPE is used to make plastic drink bottles, by analysing the properties provided in the table above. Explain why polyethene is a non-biodegradable substance. ====

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Outline in full the chemical reaction that occurs between propene molecules to form the polymer polypropene.
====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Polypropene has many uses that are related to its properties. Describe TWO uses of polypropene and link these uses to named physical and chemical properties of polypropene. ==== <span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;"> ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Ethene is used to make the polymer polyethene. Polyethene has many different uses, for example plastic bags. Some uses of polyethene rely on its toughness. ====

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Explain why polyethene is tough by referring to its chemical structure
<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

__<span style="color: #f95725; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">PRODUCTION: FRACTIONAL DISTILLATION OF CRUDE OIL __

 * ====[[image:l1carbonfract1.jpg width="280" height="332" link="@file:fractional distillation.swf"]]==== || ====[[image:l1carbonfract2.jpg width="515" height="313" link="@file:Oil refinery.swf"]]==== ||

• name two products, other than dodecane, C12H26 that are formed.
<span style="color: #f95725; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">

You will need to refer to the chemical structure and physical properties of the hydrocarbons that make up crude oil, and the way the fractional distillation tower operates.
<span style="color: #f95725; display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">

Discuss how crude oil can be separated into its components using fractional distillation. In your answer, outline what crude oil is and refer to the physical properties of hydrocarbons.
<span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;"> <span style="display: block; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; text-align: left;">
 * [[image:fract2004.jpg]] || ====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Use the physical properties of hydrocarbons to explain how crude oil can be separated into its components using the process of fractional distillation. You may label the diagram below and refer to it in your explanation. ==== ||

__<span style="color: #f95727; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">PRODUCTION: CRACKING OF FRACTIONS __

 * [[image:l1cracking1.jpg width="273" height="170" link="@http://www.chemical.sg/crack_alkane.html"]] || [[image:l1cracking2.jpg width="304" height="171" link="@file:RSCcracking.swf"]] || [[image:l1cracking3.jpg width="316" height="165" link="@file:cracking lab.swf"]] ||

<span style="color: #f95725; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">NCEA PAST EXAM QUESTIONS on Cracking of fractions
<span style="color: #f95725; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

C12H26 →
<span style="color: #f95725; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="color: #f95725; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">NCEA PAST EXAM QUESTIONS on Fermentation
<span style="color: #f95725; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">glucose →
====<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">C <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">6 <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">H <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">12  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">O <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">6  <span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman',serif;">→ ====

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[image:2013.jpg]]
====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Fermentation is one method that can be used to produce ethanol. Elaborate on how fermentation is used to produce ethanol. In your answer include: ====

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">[[image:NCEA2012.jpg]]
====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Outline the fermentation process that produces ethanol from glucose (C6H12O6). Include the conditions required for this process to occur, and a balanced symbol equation. ====

<span style="color: #f95727; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">NCEA PAST EXAM QUESTIONS on METHANOL from natural gas
<span style="color: #f95727; font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">Write balanced symbol equations for both of the reactions involved in the production of methanol from methane.
====<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(i) Reaction 1: Methane and steam are reacted using a nickel catalyst, Ni, and a strong heat source, to form carbon monoxide gas and hydrogen gas. ====

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif;">(ii) Reaction 2: Carbon monoxide gas and hydrogen gas are reacted at 250oC using a copper-zinc catalyst, Cu-Zn, to form methanol.


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